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Resource Library

Further learnings and guidance documents on management of contract

Reference Description
The PPP Certification Program Guide APMG International Chapters 6, 7, 8 provides detailed guidance on PPP contract management
4ps. 2007. A Guide to Contract Management for PFI and PPP Projects. London: Public-Private Partnerships Programme. Provides guidance intended for local authorities in the United Kingdom responsible for monitoring PPP contracts: from setting up the contract management approach, to managing service performance, relationships, and contract administration. Includes checklists and a troubleshooting guide.
ZA. 2004a. Public Private Partnership Manual. Pretoria: South African Government, National Treasury. A comprehensive guide to PPP agreement management in South Africa, from setting up the institutional framework, to managing over the project lifetime, dealing with change, through to the end of the contract. Describes two key tools: the PPP Agreement Management Plan, and the PPP Agreement Management Manual.
UK. 2012d. “Operational Taskforce website.” Infrastructure. HM Treasury Website Archives. Website. Provides detailed guidance for PPP implementing agencies on four elements of PPP contract management: benchmarking and market testing; project transition, which covers setting up a contract management framework; managing contract variations; and managing contract expiry.
Farquharson, Edward, Clemencia Torres de Mästle, E. R. Yescombe, and Javier Encinas. 2011. How to Engage with the Private Sector in Public-Private Partnerships in Emerging Markets. Washington, DC: World Bank. Chapter 10 provides an overview of what is needed for successful contract management after signing, with an emphasis on experience in emerging markets. Includes tips on managing contracts and a case study on contract management for a water concession in Sofia, Bulgaria.
PPIAF. 2006. Approaches to Private Sector Participation in Water Services: A Toolkit. Washington, DC: Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility. Section 7 provides guidance on developing institutional arrangements to manage the PPP contract relationship. It includes guidance on how to decide which government institution should be allocated which role, on relationship management, and tools to deal with change.
Fortea, Carlos Sorni, Emilio Gardeta Torrodellas, Sergio Herrán Vitoria, Juan Pablo Matute Tejerina, and Jorge Vitutia San Millán. 2011. “Proyecto Fin de Master: Seguimiento de una concesión.” Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Website. Describes the Spanish methodology for the monitoring of PPP projects.
VIC. 2003. Partnerships Victoria Guidance Material: Contract Management Guide. Melbourne, Australia: State of Victoria, Partnerships Victoria. Describes key elements of effective relationship and contract management and provides detailed guidance, templates and tools on all stages of contract management.
IN. 2012. Institutional Mechanism for Monitoring of PPP Projects: Guidelines. New Delhi: Government of India, Planning Commission. Describes institutional frameworks for monitoring PPPs and includes annexes with sample monitoring reports.
NAO. 2001. Managing the Relationship, to Secure Successful Partnership in PFI Projects. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General HC 375. London: National Audit Office. This report was based on a survey of contractors and government officials on what makes for successful PFI contract management. It emphasizes the need for public authorities to address the question of contract management early in the project preparation; appropriate skills in the public authority; and an open and cooperative attitude.
Quick, Roger. 2003. “Long-Term Ties: Managing PPP contracts.” Public Infrastructure Bulletin 1 (2). Briefly describes key features of successful contract management arrangements, drawing on Australian experience.
UNESCAP. 2011. A Guidebook on Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Chapter 6 provides guidance on contract management intended for developing country governments, focusing on institutional arrangements and dispute resolution.
Groom, Eric, Jonathan Halpern, and David Ehrhardt. 2006. “Explanatory Notes on Key Topics in the Regulation of Water and Sanitation Services.” Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper 6. Washington, DC: World Bank. Note 4 describes the relationship between sector regulation and PPP contracts.
EPEC. 2011b. The Guide to Guidance: How to Prepare, Procure, and Deliver PPP Projects. Luxembourg: European Investment Bank, European PPP Expertise Centre. Chapter 4: Project Implementation, Section 4.1: Contract Management describes and provides links to references on some key issues in contract management, including attributing management responsibilities, managing project delivery, managing change, dispute resolution, and termination.
PURC. 2012. “Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation.” University of Florida, Public Utility Research Center. Website. PURC. 2012. “Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation.” University of Florida, Public Utility Research Center. Website.
UK. 2006b. Benchmarking and Market Testing in NHS PFI projects: Code of Best Practice. London: National Health Service. Provides guidance intended for contract managers on how to use market testing exercises to review the cost of soft services in health sector PPPs.
Guasch, José Luis. 2004. Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure Concessions: Doing it right. Washington, DC: World Bank. Reviews the occurrence and drivers of re-negotiation in PPP contracts in Latin America, and provides some policy lessons for reducing the prevalence of early renegotiations.
Ehrhardt, David, and Timothy C. Irwin. 2004. “Avoiding Customer and Taxpayer Bailouts in Private Infrastructure Projects: Policy toward Leverage, Risk allocation, and Bankruptcy.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3274. Washington, DC: World Bank. Describes the experience of default and re-negotiation in several PPP contracts including the Melbourne Tram and Train Concession, and the United Kingdom National Air Traffic Services PPP.
Johnston, Judy, and Siegfried P. Gudergan. 2007. “Governance of Public- Private Partnerships: Lessons learnt from an Australian case?” International Review of Administrative Sciences 73. Reviews the experience of the Sydney Cross-City Tunnel PPP contract, drawing lessons for PPP contract management.
Triantafilou, Epaminontas E. 2009. “No Remedy for an Investor’s own Mismanagement: The Award in the ICSID Case Biwater Gauff v. Tanzania.” White & Case International Disputes Quarterly Winter 2009, 6-9. Reviews the international arbitration settlement of a water service PPP in Tanzania.
Overly, Megan Shepston. 2010. “When Private Stakeholders Fail: Adapting Expropriation Challenges in Transnational Tribunals to New Governance Theories.” Ohio State University Law Journal 71 (2). Describes challenges in international arbitration mechanisms, with case studies of arbitrations.
WB. 2009a. “Toolkit for Public-Private Partnerships in Roads and Highways.” World Bank. Website. Module 5: Implementation and Monitoring includes a section on hand back of facilities at contract end, which describes some key considerations at this stage.
Name of Document Authors/Editors and Year Description Links
General Guidance on Management of Contract and Construction Stage Management
The PPP Certification Program Guide APMG International NA Chapters 6, 7, 8 provides detailed guidance on PPP contract management View
4ps – A Guide to Contract Management for PFI and PPP Projects 4ps in collaboration with Mott MacDonald, Public Private Partnerships Programme, pp.6-7 (2007). Provides general guidance on PPP contract management. View
Managing PPPs during their Contract Life – Guidance for Sound Management European PPP Expertise Centre (EPEC) (2014). Provides detailed guidance on PPP contract management. View
National Treasury PPP Manual Module 6: Managing the PPP Agreement South African National Treasury (2004). Provides detailed guidance on contract management in PPPs. View
Partnerships Victoria Guidance Material: Contract Management Guide. Partnerships Victoria (2003). Provides detailed guidance on PPP contract management. View
Other References Related to Specific PPP Contract Management Issues
Avoiding Customer and Taxpayer Bailouts in Private Infrastructure Projects: Policy toward Leverage, Risk Allocation and Bankruptcy. Ehrhardt, D., and Irwin, T. (2004). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (3274). Examines what happens when PPP projects face financial difficulties during the Operations Phase. Includes case studies. View
Analysis of the London Underground PPP Failure. Williams, T. (2010). Engineering Project Organisations Conference, South Lake Tahoe, California. Working Paper Proceedings Editors Analyzes the London Underground PPP failure, a case study of a PPP project cancelled during the Operations Phase. View
Best Practices on Contract Design in Public-Private Partnerships. Iossa, E., Spagnolo, G., and Vellez, M. (2007). Report prepared for the World Bank. Discusses best practice in PPP contract design, and the practical implications of this, including the need for enhanced contractual flexibility. View
Comparative Study of Contractual Clauses for the Smooth Adjustment of Physical Infrastructure and Services through the Lifecycle of a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Project. Foster Infrastructure Pty Ltd. (2012). Discusses the management of changes permitted in the contract. View
Study To Collate All Research Work Done On Administered Prices Trade And Industry Chamber Fund For Research Into Industrial Development, Growth And Equity (FRIDGE) November (2011). Examines pricing issues associated with payment mechanisms in PPPs. View
Government Guarantees: Allocating and Valuing Risk in Privately Financed Infrastructure Projects. Irwin, T. World Bank Publications (2007). Provides guidance on the management of contingent liabilities and risks. View
International Audit Standards Clause 37.14: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets – Recognition of a provision. Deloitte. IAS Plus. (official website). Provides information in relation to fiscal risks. View
Managing Partnership Relations and Contractual Performance in the Operating Phase of Public Private Partnership: Interview Findings, International McCann, S., Aranda-Mena, G., and Edwards, P. J. (2014). International Public Management Review, Vol. 15(2), pp.111-132. Examines relationship management practices in PPPs. View
Uganda Public-Private Partnerships Manual. Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission. Federal Republic of Uganda (2012). Provides case studies of PPPs, including a PPP cancelled during the Operations Phase: Dar es Salaam Water Distribution Project – DAWASA (Tanzania). View
PPPs and Latin American Infrastructure Markets: Brazil and Chile. Vittor, J.L. and Samples, T.R. (2011). Latin American Law and Business Report. Thomson Reuters Publications. Vol. 19(7). Explains the standard regulations when dealing with PPPs under Chile’s Institutional Framework. View
Progress with Public-Private Partnership Projects in Developing Countries (draft) Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Examines outcomes of PPPs in the water supply and sewerage, regional electric power supply, and telecommunication sectors. View
Investing in UK Infrastructure HM Treasury and UK Trade and Investment, www.gov.uk/ukti (July 2014) Reference literature on economic regulation of PPPs View
Standardisation of PF2 Contracts. HM Treasury, U.K. (2012). Discusses the features of PPP payment mechanisms. Also referred to in relation to “value-testing”. View
Standardisation of PFI Contracts: Version 4 United Kingdom Treasury (2007). Provides guidance on the content of PPP contracts and associated management issues. View
Standardised PPP Provisions: First Issue. National Treasury PPP Unit. First Issue, 11 (March 2004), South Africa. Describes the key issues that are likely to arise in PPPs and specifies how these key issues (including refinancing) can be dealt with in a PPP agreement. View
Value-for-Money Analysis—Practices and Challenges: How Governments Choose When to Use PPP to Deliver Public Infrastructure and Services Helen Martin, Report from World Bank Global Round-Table, Washington DC (28 May, 2013). Presents key issues in assessing VfM in PPPs, including issues associated with contingent liabilities and risks. View
Standardization of PF2 contracts (HMT, 2012), HM Treasury, Standardization of PFI2 contracts, December 2012 ISBN 978-1-909096-13-4 Promotes setting out the approach to be taken to structuring PF2 contracts and provides detailed drafting provisions to be incorporated into PF2 contract and relevant templates View
PPP Gender Toolkit. World Bank. © World Bank. (2023) This toolkit provides practical tools and guidelines for developing gender responsive PPPs. Gender responsive PPPs incorporate design features, measures, and specific actions for reducing gender inequalities (or closing gender gaps) within the community stakeholders that the project affects directly or indirectly. View
Climate Toolkits for Infrastructure PPPs. World Bank. © World Bank. (2022) PPPs can be a challenge because climate change creates uncertainty whereas a certain degree of predictability is required to attract investment and finance. This toolkit aims to address the challenge by embedding a climate lens and approach into upstream PPP advisory work and structuring. View
Inclusive Infrastructure and Social Equity. Global Infrastructure Hub (GIH). © Global Infrastructure Hub. (2019) A reference tool that provides practical guidance for governments to help them maximise the inclusivity benefits of their large-scale infrastructure projects. It is intended to be used when developing policy, and planning, designing and implementing such projects, so that the projects help to reduce inequality and promote shared prosperity. View
GEDSI-Lens Toolkit for Infrastructure Project Developers. Green Cities and Infrastructure Programme (GCIP). © GCIP (2025) Toolkit provides guidance and tools to key practitioners in the infrastructure ecosystem to enable them design and deliver projects that meet the standards and empowerment ambitions codified in the GEDSI lens criteria. The guidance will help developers to respond to the changing investor landscape and to fill a gap by providing clear, simple, practical and user-friendly metrics to translate changing investor requirements into practical measures. View
Green Infrastructure Investment Opportunities Indonesia (GIIO) Report "the Green Infrastructure Investment Opportunities Indonesia: Green Recovery" Climate Bonds Initiative + ADB (2022) "Identifies green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia — especially for green bonds and useful for finance practitioners, green bond investors, and infrastructure developers " View
Landscape of Public Climate Finance in Indonesia Irfa Ampri, Angela Falconer, Noeroso Wahyudi, Anja Rosenberg, Mochamad Bara Ampera, Skye Glenday and Jane Wilkinson. Climate Policy Initiative (2014) Maps public climate finance flows in Indonesia, including domestic public resources and international public finance and useful for governance, budgeting, and how public funds are used for climate interventions. View
Uncovering the Private Climate Finance Landscape in Indonesia Chavi Meattle and Muhammad Zeki. Climate Policy Initiative (2020) Tracks private climate finance flows (debt, equity, sources) and highlights gaps between what’s needed versus what is being invested and useful for understanding private investor behavior, risk perceptions, and opportunities. View
Indonesia’s GCF Country Programme Document Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance, Indonesia Outlines how Indonesia engages with the Green Climate Fund (GCF), its priorities, key sectors, and funding strategies and useful for policy-level planning and understanding national-multilateral climate finance. View
Indonesia Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) World Bank @World Bank (2023) Proposes policy reforms and investment strategies to align mitigation and adaptation with development goals, is a comprehensive diagnostic on how climate change intersects with Indonesia’s development pathways and useful for: understanding macro-level trade-offs, fiscal implications, and sectoral priorities. View
Working Paper: Stocktake of Climate Resilient Infrastructure Standards Danilo Cançado and Michael Mullan, Global Center for Adaptation - GCA (2020) Intends to catalyse mainstreaming by providing a stock take of the ways in which existing standards consider climate risks, resilience and adaptation and provides as outcomes of analysis five recommendations to strengthen the enabling environment for climate-resilient infrastructure. View
Climate Resilient Infrastructure Handbook Global Center for Adaptation - GCA (2025) Guides PPP and infrastructure practitioners seeking to integrate climate resilience throughout the PPP project lifecycle and designed for government officials, project developers, financiers, consultants, and other stakeholders involved in planning and implementing infrastructure PPPs. View
GHG Emissions Reduction in Infrastructure (GERIN) tools Indonesia-Australia Partnership for Infrastructure - KIAT (2025) Focused on infrastructure decarbonisation, excel-based GERIN tools first quantify Green House Gas (GHG) emissions across key infrastructure types under the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) including road and bridges, water resources, water supply and sanitation, then guide users to evaluate the GHG emissions of different design options and help reduce GHG emissions from infrastructure projects in the project planning and preparation stages. View